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# Localization
* Introduction
* Publishing the Language Files
* Configuring the Locale
* Pluralization Language
* Defining Translation Strings
* Using Short Keys
* Using Translation Strings as Keys
* Retrieving Translation Strings
* Replacing Parameters in Translation Strings
* Pluralization
* Overriding Package Language Files
## Introduction
By default, the Laravel application skeleton does not include the `lang`
directory. If you would like to customize Laravel's language files, you may
publish them via the `lang:publish` Artisan command.
Laravel's localization features provide a convenient way to retrieve strings
in various languages, allowing you to easily support multiple languages within
your application.
Laravel provides two ways to manage translation strings. First, language
strings may be stored in files within the application's `lang` directory.
Within this directory, there may be subdirectories for each language supported
by the application. This is the approach Laravel uses to manage translation
strings for built-in Laravel features such as validation error messages:
1/lang
2 /en
3 messages.php
4 /es
5 messages.php
/lang
/en
messages.php
/es
messages.php
Or, translation strings may be defined within JSON files that are placed
within the `lang` directory. When taking this approach, each language
supported by your application would have a corresponding JSON file within this
directory. This approach is recommended for applications that have a large
number of translatable strings:
1/lang
2 en.json
3 es.json
/lang
en.json
es.json
We'll discuss each approach to managing translation strings within this
documentation.
### Publishing the Language Files
By default, the Laravel application skeleton does not include the `lang`
directory. If you would like to customize Laravel's language files or create
your own, you should scaffold the `lang` directory via the `lang:publish`
Artisan command. The `lang:publish` command will create the `lang` directory
in your application and publish the default set of language files used by
Laravel:
1php artisan lang:publish
php artisan lang:publish
### Configuring the Locale
The default language for your application is stored in the `config/app.php`
configuration file's `locale` configuration option, which is typically set
using the `APP_LOCALE` environment variable. You are free to modify this value
to suit the needs of your application.
You may also configure a "fallback language", which will be used when the
default language does not contain a given translation string. Like the default
language, the fallback language is also configured in the `config/app.php`
configuration file, and its value is typically set using the
`APP_FALLBACK_LOCALE` environment variable.
You may modify the default language for a single HTTP request at runtime using
the `setLocale` method provided by the `App` facade:
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;
2 
3Route::get('/greeting/{locale}', function (string $locale) {
4 if (! in_array($locale, ['en', 'es', 'fr'])) {
5 abort(400);
6 }
7 
8 App::setLocale($locale);
9 
10 // ...
11});
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;
Route::get('/greeting/{locale}', function (string $locale) {
if (! in_array($locale, ['en', 'es', 'fr'])) {
abort(400);
}
App::setLocale($locale);
// ...
});
#### Determining the Current Locale
You may use the `currentLocale` and `isLocale` methods on the `App` facade to
determine the current locale or check if the locale is a given value:
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;
2 
3$locale = App::currentLocale();
4 
5if (App::isLocale('en')) {
6 // ...
7}
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\App;
$locale = App::currentLocale();
if (App::isLocale('en')) {
// ...
}
### Pluralization Language
You may instruct Laravel's "pluralizer", which is used by Eloquent and other
portions of the framework to convert singular strings to plural strings, to
use a language other than English. This may be accomplished by invoking the
`useLanguage` method within the `boot` method of one of your application's
service providers. The pluralizer's currently supported languages are:
`french`, `norwegian-bokmal`, `portuguese`, `spanish`, and `turkish`:
1use Illuminate\Support\Pluralizer;
2 
3/**
4 * Bootstrap any application services.
5 */
6public function boot(): void
7{
8 Pluralizer::useLanguage('spanish');
9 
10 // ...
11}
use Illuminate\Support\Pluralizer;
/**
* Bootstrap any application services.
*/
public function boot(): void
{
Pluralizer::useLanguage('spanish');
// ...
}
If you customize the pluralizer's language, you should explicitly define your
Eloquent model's [table names](/docs/12.x/eloquent#table-names).
## Defining Translation Strings
### Using Short Keys
Typically, translation strings are stored in files within the `lang`
directory. Within this directory, there should be a subdirectory for each
language supported by your application. This is the approach Laravel uses to
manage translation strings for built-in Laravel features such as validation
error messages:
1/lang
2 /en
3 messages.php
4 /es
5 messages.php
/lang
/en
messages.php
/es
messages.php
All language files return an array of keyed strings. For example:
1<?php
2 
3// lang/en/messages.php
4 
5return [
6 'welcome' => 'Welcome to our application!',
7];
<?php
// lang/en/messages.php
return [
'welcome' => 'Welcome to our application!',
];
For languages that differ by territory, you should name the language
directories according to the ISO 15897. For example, "en_GB" should be used
for British English rather than "en-gb".
### Using Translation Strings as Keys
For applications with a large number of translatable strings, defining every
string with a "short key" can become confusing when referencing the keys in
your views and it is cumbersome to continually invent keys for every
translation string supported by your application.
For this reason, Laravel also provides support for defining translation
strings using the "default" translation of the string as the key. Language
files that use translation strings as keys are stored as JSON files in the
`lang` directory. For example, if your application has a Spanish translation,
you should create a `lang/es.json` file:
1{
2 "I love programming.": "Me encanta programar."
3}
{
"I love programming.": "Me encanta programar."
}
#### Key / File Conflicts
You should not define translation string keys that conflict with other
translation filenames. For example, translating `__('Action')` for the "NL"
locale while a `nl/action.php` file exists but a `nl.json` file does not exist
will result in the translator returning the entire contents of
`nl/action.php`.
## Retrieving Translation Strings
You may retrieve translation strings from your language files using the `__`
helper function. If you are using "short keys" to define your translation
strings, you should pass the file that contains the key and the key itself to
the `__` function using "dot" syntax. For example, let's retrieve the
`welcome` translation string from the `lang/en/messages.php` language file:
1echo __('messages.welcome');
echo __('messages.welcome');
If the specified translation string does not exist, the `__` function will
return the translation string key. So, using the example above, the `__`
function would return `messages.welcome` if the translation string does not
exist.
If you are using your default translation strings as your translation keys,
you should pass the default translation of your string to the `__` function;
1echo __('I love programming.');
echo __('I love programming.');
Again, if the translation string does not exist, the `__` function will return
the translation string key that it was given.
If you are using the [Blade templating engine](/docs/12.x/blade), you may use
the `{{ }}` echo syntax to display the translation string:
1{{ __('messages.welcome') }}
{{ __('messages.welcome') }}
### Replacing Parameters in Translation Strings
If you wish, you may define placeholders in your translation strings. All
placeholders are prefixed with a `:`. For example, you may define a welcome
message with a placeholder name:
1'welcome' => 'Welcome, :name',
'welcome' => 'Welcome, :name',
To replace the placeholders when retrieving a translation string, you may pass
an array of replacements as the second argument to the `__` function:
1echo __('messages.welcome', ['name' => 'dayle']);
echo __('messages.welcome', ['name' => 'dayle']);
If your placeholder contains all capital letters, or only has its first letter
capitalized, the translated value will be capitalized accordingly:
1'welcome' => 'Welcome, :NAME', // Welcome, DAYLE
2'goodbye' => 'Goodbye, :Name', // Goodbye, Dayle
'welcome' => 'Welcome, :NAME', // Welcome, DAYLE
'goodbye' => 'Goodbye, :Name', // Goodbye, Dayle
#### Object Replacement Formatting
If you attempt to provide an object as a translation placeholder, the object's
`__toString` method will be invoked. The
[__toString](https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.magic.php#object.tostring)
method is one of PHP's built-in "magic methods". However, sometimes you may
not have control over the `__toString` method of a given class, such as when
the class that you are interacting with belongs to a third-party library.
In these cases, Laravel allows you to register a custom formatting handler for
that particular type of object. To accomplish this, you should invoke the
translator's `stringable` method. The `stringable` method accepts a closure,
which should type-hint the type of object that it is responsible for
formatting. Typically, the `stringable` method should be invoked within the
`boot` method of your application's `AppServiceProvider` class:
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Lang;
2use Money\Money;
3 
4/**
5 * Bootstrap any application services.
6 */
7public function boot(): void
8{
9 Lang::stringable(function (Money $money) {
10 return $money->formatTo('en_GB');
11 });
12}
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Lang;
use Money\Money;
/**
* Bootstrap any application services.
*/
public function boot(): void
{
Lang::stringable(function (Money $money) {
return $money->formatTo('en_GB');
});
}
### Pluralization
Pluralization is a complex problem, as different languages have a variety of
complex rules for pluralization; however, Laravel can help you translate
strings differently based on pluralization rules that you define. Using a `|`
character, you may distinguish singular and plural forms of a string:
1'apples' => 'There is one apple|There are many apples',
'apples' => 'There is one apple|There are many apples',
Of course, pluralization is also supported when using translation strings as
keys:
1{
2 "There is one apple|There are many apples": "Hay una manzana|Hay muchas manzanas"
3}
{
"There is one apple|There are many apples": "Hay una manzana|Hay muchas manzanas"
}
You may even create more complex pluralization rules which specify translation
strings for multiple ranges of values:
1'apples' => '{0} There are none|[1,19] There are some|[20,*] There are many',
'apples' => '{0} There are none|[1,19] There are some|[20,*] There are many',
After defining a translation string that has pluralization options, you may
use the `trans_choice` function to retrieve the line for a given "count". In
this example, since the count is greater than one, the plural form of the
translation string is returned:
1echo trans_choice('messages.apples', 10);
echo trans_choice('messages.apples', 10);
You may also define placeholder attributes in pluralization strings. These
placeholders may be replaced by passing an array as the third argument to the
`trans_choice` function:
1'minutes_ago' => '{1} :value minute ago|[2,*] :value minutes ago',
2 
3echo trans_choice('time.minutes_ago', 5, ['value' => 5]);
'minutes_ago' => '{1} :value minute ago|[2,*] :value minutes ago',
echo trans_choice('time.minutes_ago', 5, ['value' => 5]);
If you would like to display the integer value that was passed to the
`trans_choice` function, you may use the built-in `:count` placeholder:
1'apples' => '{0} There are none|{1} There is one|[2,*] There are :count',
'apples' => '{0} There are none|{1} There is one|[2,*] There are :count',
## Overriding Package Language Files
Some packages may ship with their own language files. Instead of changing the
package's core files to tweak these lines, you may override them by placing
files in the `lang/vendor/{package}/{locale}` directory.
So, for example, if you need to override the English translation strings in
`messages.php` for a package named `skyrim/hearthfire`, you should place a
language file at: `lang/vendor/hearthfire/en/messages.php`. Within this file,
you should only define the translation strings you wish to override. Any
translation strings you don't override will still be loaded from the package's
original language files.